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- <text id=93CT1715>
- <link 93HT0770>
- <link 90TT3483>
- <link 90TT0736>
- <title>
- Haiti--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Caribbean
- Haiti
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Columbus discovered the Island of Hispaniola in 1492, on his
- maiden voyage to the New World. The Spaniards used the island
- as a jumping-off point to explore the rest of the Western
- Hemisphere. French buccaneers later used the western third of
- the island as a point from which to harass English and Spanish
- ships. In 1697, Spain ceded the western third of Hispaniola to
- France. As piracy was gradually suppressed, some French
- adventurers became planters, making Saint-Domingue--as the
- French portion of the island was then called--one of the
- richest colonies of the 18th-century French empire.
- </p>
- <p> During this period, slaves were brought from Africa to work
- the sugarcane and coffee plantations. In 1791, the slave
- population--led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean Jacques
- Dessalines, and Henri Christophe--revolted and gained control
- of the northern part of Saint-Domingue. The French were unable
- to regain control because of domestic problems and because
- troops on the island were ravaged by disease.
- </p>
- <p> In 1804, the slaves established independence from France and
- renamed the area Haiti. Haiti is the world's oldest black
- republic and the second oldest republic in the Western
- Hemisphere, after the United States.
- </p>
- <p> Two separate regimes (north and south) emerged after
- independence but were unified in 1820. Two years later, Haiti
- conquered the eastern Spanish-speaking portion of Hispaniola
- called Santo Domingo. In 1844, however, Santo Domingo broke
- away from Haiti and became the Dominican Republic.
- </p>
- <p> Under 22 dictators from 1843 until 1915, Haiti experienced
- intense political and economic disorder. In 1915, the United
- States intervened militarily to protect U.S. citizens and
- property and to prevent invasion by other nations. U.S.
- occupation ended in 1934.
- </p>
- <p> In 1957, Francois Duvalier was elected president following
- a year of political turmoil during which six different
- governments held power. He became president-for-life in 1964 and
- maintained absolute political control until his death in 1971.
- During Duvalier's rule, Haiti experienced domestic political
- tension, severe repression of the opposition, and economic
- stagnation, as tourism and investment declined.
- </p>
- <p> When Duvalier died, his son Jean-Claude assumed the
- presidency. This was in accordance with an amendment to Haiti's
- constitution, enacted several months earlier, allowing the
- president to designate his successor. Jean-Claude continued
- many of his father's policies. Although less repressive, he did
- not provide the leadership necessary for Haiti's development.
- As a result, Haiti stagnated politically and economically, and
- public discontent mounted.
- </p>
- <p> On February 7, 1986, after months of tension and civil
- disorder, Jean-Claude fled Haiti for France, and the National
- Governing Council (CNG) was established.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The three-member CNG is dedicated to providing a transition
- to democracy that would culminate in the inauguration of a
- democratically elected president on February 7, 1988. In June
- 1986, the Council issued a comprehensive political calendar,
- which outlines how the Haitian people may participate in the
- creation of a democratic society. Steps include elections for
- members of a constituent assembly (i.e., to draft a new
- constitution which is to be approved in a referendum),
- elections of local officials, a National Legislature, and a
- president.
- </p>
- <p> Ruling by decree, the CNG has selectively rendered certain
- former laws and constitutional provisions null and void. The
- Council's decrees and orders have dealt not only with the
- scheduled elections, but also with civic matters, taxation,
- import-export policy, and public order. Two decrees defined,
- respectively, the powers of the press and the requirements that
- political parties must follow in order to achieve official
- status. There are dozens of political parties and politicians
- in Haiti. Some existed under the Duvaliers, or were formed by
- Haitians in exile; others were created after Jean-Claude's
- departure. Haitians currently enjoy freedom of expression, of
- the press, and of association that did not exist under the
- Duvalier regime.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-